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Three Alls Policy
The Three Alls Policy () was a Japanese scorched earth policy adopted in China during World War II, the three "alls" being "kill all, burn all, loot all" (). This policy was designed as retaliation against the Chinese for the Communist-led Hundred Regiments Offensive in December 1940.〔Grasso, June; Corrin, Jay; Kort, Michael. ''Modernization And Revolution In China: From the Opium Wars to World Power'', pg. 129〕 Contemporary Japanese documents referred to the policy as .〔
The Chinese expression "Three Alls" was first popularized in Japan in 1957 when former Japanese soldiers released from the Fushun war crime internment center wrote a book called ''The Three Alls: Japanese Confessions of War Crimes in China'' ((日本語:三光、日本人の中国における戦争犯罪の告白), ''Sankō, Nihonjin no Chūgoku ni okeru sensō hanzai no kokuhaku'') (new edition: Kanki Haruo, 1979), in which Japanese veterans confessed to war crimes committed under the leadership of General Yasuji Okamura. The publishers were forced to stop the publication of the book after receiving death threats from Japanese militarists and ultranationalists.〔Herbert P. Bix, ''Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan'', HarperCollins, 2001, p. 657.〕
== Description ==
Initiated in 1940 by Major General Ryūkichi Tanaka, the ''Sankō Sakusen'' was implemented in full scale in 1942 in north China by General Yasuji Okamura who divided the territory of five provinces (Hebei, Shandong, Shensi, Shanhsi, Chahaer) into "pacified", "semi-pacified" and "unpacified" areas. The approval of the policy was given by Imperial General Headquarters Order Number 575 on 3 December 1941. Okamura's strategy involved burning down villages, confiscating grain and mobilizing peasants to construct collective hamlets. It also centered on the digging of vast trench lines and the building of thousands of miles of containment walls and moats, watchtowers and roads. These operations targeted for destruction "enemies pretending to be local people" and "all males between the ages of fifteen and sixty whom we suspect to be enemies."〔Herbert Bix, ''Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan'', 2001, p. 365, citing an order drafted by Ryūkichi Tanaka.〕
In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians. His works and those of Akira Fujiwara about the details of the operation were commented by Herbert P. Bix in his Pulitzer Prize–winning book, ''Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan'', who claims that the ''Sankō Sakusen'' far surpassed the Rape of Nanking not only in terms of numbers, but in brutality as well. The effects of the Japanese strategy were further exacerbated by Chinese military tactics, which included the masking of military forces as civilians, or the use of civilians as deterrents against Japanese attacks. In some places, the Japanese also used chemical warfare against civilian populations in contravention of international agreements.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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